The contributions of the major theorist who worked to develop each theory. C. Define the major principles associated within this theory as they relate to the psychology of learning. D. Summarize how this theory makes use of prior experience in explaining how people learn E. Describe how this theory explains how permanent change in behavior takes place. F. Apply this theory to a real world setting (schools, treatment facility, business, and social activities). 4.
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: From Miller to Bandura and Beyond The Social-Cognitive learning theory is based off a collaboration of many psychologists work and ideas, it is based on the concepts that we learn (and gain our personalities) by watching how others react to their environment. The original concept originated from psychologists N.E Miller and J. Dollard in the early 1940’s. In the mid 1950’s American psychologist Julian Rotter drifted from the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and wrote on social learning theories. In the 1960’s a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura, expanded on theories and became the leading architect of social cognitive theory (Santrock, 2011, p. 27). In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others.
An example of him trying to cure this disease is in his laboratory he has multiple rats that he is working on, he always has a human trying to be cured, and he has pictures of all of all the zombies that did not make it through testing. II. Symbolic Archetype For the symbolic Archetype of I am Legend I chose lightness vs. darkness. Light usually stands for hope and intellectual illumination, while darkness represents the unknown and ignorance. This is the battle between good and evil.
After proving the existence of an endogenous pacemaker, research was done into its location. In 1965, Richter studied rats who underwent experimental neurosurgery which involved bi lateral excision of the hypothalamus. He found that he had destroyed the sleep wake cycle, as the rats experience random bursts of sleep and wakefulness. Richter concluded that the biological pacemaker is in the hypothalamus. After this breakthrough, there was a race between research teams to try and pinpoint where exactly the biological clock was in the hypothalamus.
Consideration will then be given to whether evidence can be found to support the theory in an observation carried out in a reception classroom or from an interview with the foundation stage co-ordinator for the school. Finally I will go on to examine how elements of the theory could be used within the setting to support children’s learning. Bandura began his work at a time when Behaviourism was the predominant perspective. These theorists argued that all behaviour is learned and can be observed and measured. In her book, How Children Learn (2005), Linda Pound explains the work of the key theorists who inspired some of Bandura’s work.
Structuralism was developed by a man named Edward Titchener who was a student of Wilhem Wundt. Titchener was extremely interested in learning about the structure of the consciousness. He believed in the use of experimentation for the science of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). The second school of thought, functionalism, along with structuralism was the two schools of thought which were dominant in the beginning of psychology (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Functionalism studied the psychological processes which enable individuals to be able to adapt to their environments; each psychological process has an important role which is their main point of focus.
Harlow’s experiment i Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys Harlow’s experiment ii Abstract In the past 30 years, the work of Harry Harlow using rhesus monkeys while researching learning was criticized for the cruelty imposed onto animals. He noticed that many young monkeys kept in isolation became distressed when he cleaned out their cages. From there, he went onto researching attachment issues, providing the baby monkeys with surrogate mothers and observing their behavior. While most agree that he contributed to the science of early bonding and perhaps the keys to love, criticism revolves around the issue of using animals for research. This paper examines Harlow’s life and his advances in early development research.
This type of learning is called modeling, or observational learning. Children learn by imitating a model, whether it is a parent, sports figure, or someone else they look up to. According to the social learning theory, imitating models helps children to learn a language, learn gender-appropriate behaviors, deal with aggression, and develop a moral sense. Although this theory focuses on imitating behavior, it recognizes that children can learn through observing, rather than imitating the behavior (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Albert Bandura, an American psychologist who is well known for developing many of the principles of the social learning theory, believed aggression reinforced by family members was the most prominent source of behavior modeling.
A key example being Lennie crushing mice when he “just petted them a little”. The use of the word “just” indicates that Steinbeck is letting us know that the fault doesn’t always lie with the killer, but it’s just the way nature works. In this example, Lennie is the larger force, and despite not having bad intentions about the mice, he still ends up killing them. To a larger extent, and more prominently, the death of Candy’s dog indicates Steinbeck’s thoughts about nature and the world. Despite Candy having his dog “since he was a pup”, because “he ain’t no good to” him anymore, Carlson indicates that he should be shot.
This reinforced the belief that sex differences are determined before birth. Male and female brains have been shown to react differently to stress (Cahill). A study from Otto van Guericke University in Germany using Degu pups (South American rodents who live in colonies like prairie dogs) briefly removed a litter from its mother. These pups find even temporary separation quite upsetting. The concentration of serotonin receptors in various brain regions of the pups was then measured.