Instrumental Conditioning University of Phoenix Psych 550 Professor Maya Aleksic Conditioning involves learning association between an individual and events that occur in his or her environment. Two important theories of learning by conditioning are Classical and Operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of some neutral (conditioned) stimulus (e.g. tone, sound) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. light) to naturally evoke a learning response (Bradizza, C.M., Stasiewkz, 2009).
However, it is also worth considering the work of those who influenced him. In his book Client Centred Therapy (1951) Rogers recognises a number of psychologists whose ‘contributions enriched our thinking in the process of theory building in regard to personality’. One of these psychologists was Abraham Maslow. Maslow stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a bag of symptoms. To prove that humans are not simply blindly reacting to situations, but trying to accomplish something greater Maslow studied mentally healthy individuals instead of people with serious psychological issues.
Word count 2417 Evaluate the claim that Person-Centred Therapy offers the therapist all that he/ she will need to treat clients. To start to evaluate this claim I will first need to look at the key areas of the theory. The Person Centred Theory was developed in the 40’s by American psychologist Carl Rogers. The person centred theory is based on three core conditions which I will explain later. I will be taking a look at some of the criticisms of the theory as well as the good points of Rogers’s theory, and although there are some critics of the theory there is no doubt that Rogers’s approach to counselling is an in-valuable part in the history of the humanistic thinking.
- Emotion is a complex process and an integral part of the human mind with a direct relationship with behaviour - It is no wonder that it was an interest of the psychologists known as the functionalists, it was important to know the function of emotion to understand what it was for. - I will argue the James-Lange Theory of Emotion was not an irrational philosophy and that modern psychology has not only legitimised the theory but has also illustrated that there can be more ways than one for the function of emotion and that both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theory can exist harmoniously together. (A bit about Functionalism) - Functionalism was never a well-defined school of thought with one obviously recognised leader. - They wanted to understand the functions of the mind (interested in the “is for”) rather than merely understanding the contents of the mind (the simply “is”). - Leading functionalists were pragmatic and approached psychology in a practical way.
Faris Feroz Discuss One of the Psychological Approach to Treating Abnormality The behavioural approach to abnormality is that abnormal behaviour is the consequence of abnormal learning from the environment. They are learnt in the through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. Systematic desensitization is a technique based on the principals of classical conditioning and what is learnt (conditioned) can be unlearnt, through a step-by-step method. One of the most successful behavioural therapies is systematic desensitization. This therapy uses classical and operant conditioning to change the behaviour response to certain stimuli and is designed to reduce distressing levels of anxiety.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are very different and alike at the same time. People acquire certain behaviors through classical conditioning, a learning process in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning occurs when the consequences that follow a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that particular behavior occurring again. Classical and operant conditioning are very alike and different. Classical conditioning always has a specific stimulus that elicits the desired response where operant conditioning has no stimulus and the learner must respond, then behavior is reinforced.
The following paragraphs will give a description of behavioral approaches, social/cognitive approaches, and the how these approaches can explain Ted Bundy’s personality. The behavioral approach to personality can be explained by looking at the two different forms of conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus that arouses an unconditioned response and an indifferent stimulus, the antecedently neutral stimulus can come to evoke the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (Friedman & Schustack, 2012, p.187). Partial reinforcement occurs when a reward is received after some, but not all, occurrences of a behavior (Friedman & Schustack, 2012, p.186). Research has found that the conditioned response generally is only used in response to stimuli that is the equivalent or similar to the conditioned stimuli; this is called discrimination (Friedman & Schustack, 2012, p.187).
He believed that behavior can be trained, measured and changed. Behaviorism is also based on the idea that all behavior is conditioned. The two major types of conditioning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is when desired behavior is followed by positive reinforcement and negative by punishment. The famous experiment known as Little Albert by Watson and his student showed that classical conditioning can evoke an emotional response.
Instrumental Conditioning Paper Clinton Alford PSYCH/550 – Psychology of Learning Dr. Greggus Yahr December 10, 2012 Instrumental Conditioning Paper Conditioning includes learning connection among a person and events that happen in his or her environment. Two significant theories of learning by conditioning are the following: Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning. Classical conditioning includes the coupling of an unconditioned stimulus with some neutral stimulus innately to produce a learning response (Bradizza & Stasiewkz, 2009). On the other hand, operant conditioning is a procedure of altering behaviors by either punishing or rewarding individuals in which an application is executed until the individual connect the action with distress or pleasure. In their research experiment, Capaldi and Martins (2010) employed a form of operant conditioning to demonstrate how people employed memory reinforcement to acquire particular rules.
The Behaviorists are a group of psychologists who focus on these stimulus-response connections, the two most famous being Watson and Skinner. Behaviorism arose because there was dissatisfaction with approaches in psychology that involved 'unscientific, techniques such as introspection and dealt with immeasurable aspects of behavior such as the role of the unconscious mind. Behaviorists try to explain the causes of behavior by studying only those behaviors that can be observed and measured. They leave focused their efforts on two types of learning processes known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning( Classical conditioning is a form of learning that incorporates the body's natural physical response to stimuli.