The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
The behaviourist perspective believes that our behaviour is the result of operant or classical conditioning; both of these explain behaviour as being a direct result of learning. Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov. He conducted an experiment that involved dogs. Because dogs salivate, this is an involuntary reflexive response to the sight of smell of food. Pavlov set up an experiment where he introduced a bell at meal times; this was the neutral stimulus (NS).
Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing. So every time they dogs received their food the bell rang and in the end when the bell rang the dogs salivated because they already associated the bell ring with their food. Operant conditioning however is the course of altering behaviour by receiving rewards and punishments. In this experiment they made a cat learn that every time it gets out of the box that it was placed in got a reward. This means it learnt doing the same escape routine because it knew the consequences were rewarding.
Food automatically led to the salivation response, since this response had not been learned, he called this an unconditioned response, which is a response that regularly occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is presented. As food automatically leads to this response, he called this unconditioned stimulus, which is a stimulus that regularly and consistently leads to an automatic response. Pavlov then presented food at the same time as ringing a bell (neutral stimulus), to see if the dog would learn to associate the bell with food. After several trials, the dog learned that the bell was associated with food and eventually it began to
The dogs were responding to the sight of the research assistants' white lab coats, which the animals had come to associate with the presentation of food. Unlike the salivary response to the presentation of food, which is an unconditioned reflex, salivating to the expectation of food is a conditioned reflex. An unconditioned stimulus like food causes pleasure when eaten, this is unconditioned response as it is not learnt. Caregivers provide food and subsequent pleasure for the infant. So their presence becomes associated with the
This came across as unusual to Pavlov; he studied this and learnt that the dog would produce saliva because he would associate food with the laboratory assistant; he developed this theory in the following way. Food was an automatic response which is an unconditioned response the term
Classical conditioning is made using two stimuli. in the experiment Pavlov used sound of a bell a as a neutral stimuli and dog food as unconditioned stimuli which causes the dog to salivate. Pavlov presented the dogs with a ringing bell followed by food. The food elicited salivation, and after repeated bell-food pairings the bell also caused the dogs to salivate. In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva.
Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Classical conditioning Pavlov investigated learning through the association of an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov rang a bell (the conditioned or neutral stimulus) at the same time that food was presented to the dog. The dog then started to salivate as an involuntary reflex response. He did this until the dog salivated just to the sound of the bell. After allot of trails, Pavlov discovered that he had no longer needed to present the food to the dog.
Classical conditioning in other words causes a response from a stimulus where there is a neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning was first noticed by Pavlov, when investigating the digestive system of dogs. He noticed they would salivate when their bowl came into the room, so he introduced a stimulant which was a bell to use and indicator for them to let them know they would be getting their food. Soon the dogs began to associate the bell with their food, so they would salivate when they heard the bell. Pavlov then realised he could reverse these effects if he sounded the bell and did not give the dogs their food.
Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) studied salivating dogs and conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated conditioning. The experiments showed how the stimulus of the bell was a conditioned stimulus when the dog associated with the arrival of food (an unconditioned stimulus) as it rang the bell the dog salivated so they were ready to eat (the unconditioned response). Over a period, whenever the dogs heard any bell ring (a conditioned stimulus); they began to salivate regardless of whether they were fed or not (a condition response). In the conditioning process is reinforcement, which will embed the learning response so that it becomes internalised and so the individual behaves in that way without thinking about it. After time the dog stop salivating at the bell sound when no food was given so this proves this response can be unlearnt.