2. To auscultate the mitral valve, place the stethoscope over the heart apex, in the fifth intercostal space in line with the middle of the clavicle. d. During which period would you hear these abnormal valve sounds most clearly? (During, atrial relaxation, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole or atrial contraction? v. These abnormal sounds would be heard most clearly during ventricular diastole for the aortic valve and during atrial systole for the mitral valve.
Cirrhosis- Chronic, progressive disease that causes the formation of fibrous connective tissue that distorts the liver's normal lobular structure. These irregular lobular shapes results in an impeded blood flow (portal hypertension), poor cellular nutrition, and hypoxia (scar tissue doesn't allow for "normal" gas exchange). •Cirrhosis- As evident by decreased ALT, AST, positive wave test, and decrease in platelets. Increased ICP: Cerebral edema (volume increase of brain tissue, blood or CSF) caused by injury, stroke, hemorrhage tumor or CSF leakage. •Increased ICP- As evident by Cushing's Triad, non-reactive/sluggish pupils,and the patient's fall.
tract? Which cells are direct participants in formation, and how do they contribute to lesions in the G.I. tract wall? c. Zach’s stomach contributes to the formation of ulcers by the acids needed to breakdown food when they are excessive. Parietal cells (secrete HCI) and gastric glands (acetylcholine) are directly related to the formation of ulcers.
What is a sickle cell crisis? Why is it concerning? • A sickle cell crisis is when the RBC is sickled shaped which prevents the RBC’s and oxygen to get to the tissue leading to extreme pain. There are 3 forms of a sickle cell crisis: • Vaso-occlusive crisis occurs when blood flow to tissues is obstructed by sickled RBCs, leading to hypoxemia and ischemia. • Acute sequestration event occurs when blood flow from an organ such as the liver, lungs, or spleen is obstructed by sickled RBC.
amoxicillin, antidepressants e.g. cipramil, Anticoagulants e.g. warfarin. The effect of Analgesics is to relieve pain such as head aches and the potential side effects are that they can be addiction is can happen if taken over a long period of time. Also, irritation of the stomach, liver damage and sleep disturbances as some analgesics contain caffeine.
Ibuprofen – pain reliever and fever reducer. Side effects include indigestion, skin rashes and headaches. 2) Identify medication which demands the measurement of specific physiological measurements. Medication which demands measurement of specific physiological measurements includes insulin, warfarin and digoxin. 3) Describe the common adverse reactions to medication, how each can be recognised and the appropriate action(s) required.
826) C. How can Zach’s stomach contribute to the formation of ulcers in other parts of the G.I. tract? Which cells directly participant in ulcer formation, and how do they contribute to the creation of lesions in the G.I. tract wall? Zachary’s stomach contributes to the formation of ulcers in other parts of the G.I.
Lumbar puncture is done to find a cause to the symptoms possibly caused an infection, such as meningitis, inflammation, cancer, or bleeding in the area around the brain or spinal cord, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Also, this may diagnose certain diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome (Rea, 2008). Depending on the pressure of the CSF, it may be the leading cause of certain symptoms. This may be done to put anesthetics or medicines into the CSF, these medicines would treat leukemia or other forms of cancers that affect the central nervous system (Rea, 2008). A patient would need to go through steps to prepare for the procedure.
CBC- may show elevated WBC count * 4. Test after the acute stage- Exercise tolerance test, thallium scans, cardiac catheterization Nursing Interventions 1. Provide Oxygen at 2 lpm, Semi-fowler’s 2. Administer medications * Morphine to relieve pain * nitrates, thrombolytics, aspirin and anticoagulants * Stool softener and hypolipidemics 3. Minimize patient anxiety * Provide information as to procedures and drug therapy 4.
This is usually in the leg or buttocks. Intravenous antibiotics are injected into veins. This means that the antibiotics are rapidly absorbed into the body. However how the antibiotic is administered depends upon the infection. The mild bacterial infections can be treated with oral or topical infections.