DNA Review Questions 1. Examples of polymers that contain repeating units known as nucleotides are: a. Hemoglobin b. Starch c. Cellulose d. DNA e. Paints 2. How many different bases are associated with the makeup of DNA? a. Two b.
Transgenesis and Cloning Transgenesis is the process of inserting a gene from one source into a living organism that would not normally contain the inserted gene. The gene can come from the same species (called Cisgenesis) or from a different species entirely. To facilitate the transfer of genes from one organism to another, often a Transgenic Organism with Recombinant DNA is created: -The first step in creating an organism capable of carrying out the transformation process is to isolate the required gene. This is done so using Restriction Enzymes, which target a specific gene sequence. The gene is often cut with staggered ends, called “Sticky Ends” which only allow specific and complementary gene sequences bond by base pairing.
Death Cap Mushroom Transcription and Translation: mRNA is necessary to direct synthesis (transcription) of the polypeptides. In other words to copy the DNA. The information on DNA is coded into mRNA here. Information is rewritten and translated into a protein. The death cap mushroom toxicity can cause inhibition of RNA Polymerase II, the enzyme necessary for synthesis of mRNA.
Describe each process (including differences between bacteria and eukaryotes) and explain the significance of the differences between replication and transcription When first going through DNA replication, the two strands of double helix unwind. Each strand is an outline for the formation of a new, complementary strand. DNA helicase enzymes hang along the DNA molecule, opening the double helix as they move. Once the strands are separated, helix-destabilizing proteins bind to single DNA strands, preventing re-formation of the double helix until the strands are copied. Enzymes called topoisomerases produce breaks in the DNA molecules and then reconnect the strands, relieving strain and effectively preventing tangling and knotting during replication.
stores proteins and alot of exporting (sending stuff out of the cell) 3. In which part of the cell would you expect to find nucleotides? building block for DNA, DNA found in the nucleus 4. Name the two organelles involved in energy conversion.chloroplast and mitochondria 5. What are the basic functions of the organelles in chapter 4?
Name: _______________________ Row: _______ Date:_____________ Period:______ Name: _______________________ Row: _______ Transcription & Translation Summary Protein Synthesis Worksheet Date:_____________ Protein Synthesis Worksheet Period:______ Directions: 1st Fill in the complimentary DNA strand using DNA base pairing rules. For each example: 2nd Fill in the correct mRNA basesDNA strand the bottom DNA code. a. fill in the complimentary by transcribing rd Directions:the correct codons and find by transcribing acid using the DNA code 3 st Translate the mRNA mRNA bases the correct amino the bottom Codon Table b. fill in 1 c. fillin the complimentary DNA strand anti-codon base pairing rules. Fill in the amino acid and bases 4th Write inthe correct tRNAthe correctusing DNA the tRNA molecule. nd th Fill in the correct mRNA bases by transcribing the bottom DNA code.
Each genome contains the information needed to maintain and create the organism. The process of genetic engineering involves extracting of a small piece of cellular DNA, called a plasmid, from the bacteria if organism involved in the manipulation. A very small section of the circular plasmid is then cut out by the restriction enzymes which act as molecular scissors. The gene from the organism being modified is then inserted into this space and the plasmid is therefore modified. The genetically modified plasmid is now inserted and introduces into a new organism which starts divides rapidly.
Proteins are formed through condensation reactions which bond amino acids together with peptide bonds in a particular sequence and the type of protein that is created is defined by the unique sequence of the amino acids. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are formed in the nucleotides and are both involved in the process of protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is located within the nucleus of the cell and contains the entire genetic code for an organism within its structure. DNA has two very important functions which are: to convey information from one generation of cells to the next by the process of DNA replication and to provide the information for the synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function. Basically, DNA controls protein synthesis.
The transformation process involved the aid of a plasmid, a small circular piece of DNA. For this experiment, a pGLO plasmid was used. This plasmid has three unique genes which is the GFP, an antibiotic resistance gene that results in the production of the enzyme beta-lactamase and a gene regulation system (M Chalfie, 1994). In the 21st century, genetic transformation is no longer foreign and was explored in many areas especially in biotechnology industry. The possibility of inserting a gene into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait is an interesting discovery.
D) One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. E) One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines. 17) It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following? AA A) sequence of bases B) phosphate-sugar backbones C) complementary pairing of bases D) side groups of nitrogenous bases E) different five-carbon sugars 37) What is the function of DNA polymerase III? CC A) to unwind the DNA helix during replication B) to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands C) to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand D) to degrade damaged DNA molecules E) to rejoin the two DNA strands (one new and one old) after replication 30) Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome.