h) A way to make hard water softer is to put an sodium nitrate and create a precipitate to mellow out the reaction. Another way of making it softer is by removing the calcium ions one way of doing that is by boiling the solution to take out some of the ions. Conclusion: Overall, we determined that sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the anion that can be used to precipitate the most metal cations. Also, we learned that the anion sodium chloride, NaCl, could be used to remove silver ions from solutions. The stuff that I found interesting was that how many colours you can get when you mix the cations and anions
White precipitate shows the presence of chloride (Cl-). Chloride anion equation: HCl(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → HNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s). The nitrate anion test involves cooling a mixture containing 1 mL of test solution and 3mL 18M H2SO4. 2mL is poured down the inner test tube side and the presence of a brown ring shows nitrate (NO3-) to be present. The carbonate anion test mixes 1 mL of test solution and drops of 6M HCl.
CHE 111 Laboratory 3 Hydrates Introduction Hydrates Water molecules combine with the molecules of certain substances, forming loose chemical combinations called hydrates. An example of a hydrate is MgSO4•7H2O. This formula means 7 water molecules are loosely attached to a magnesium sulfate molecule. Other examples of hydrates are Na2SO4•10H2O and Ba(OH)2•8H2O. When the hydrate is heated, it easily loses water molecules attached and becomes an anhydrous salt.
Discussion & Conclusion In this experiment we learned how to synthesize the cyclohexene by dehydration of cyclohexanol. We procedure the first step where we have to mix the components. Then we heat the R.B.F with a fractionating column, distilled water. Then we obtained the layers, and we transferred the organic layer to a small, dry Erlenmeyer flask. We added anhydrous Sodium Sulfate as a drying agent.
There are several different ways to create baking soda, but the Athenium Baking Soda Company chose to make baking soda by reacting ammonium hydrogen carbonate with a highly concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl or brine. An equation to demonstrate this process is: NH4HCO3(S) + NaCl (aq) → NaHCO3 (aq) +NH4Cl(aq) This salt-water concentration not only contains a high concentration of sodium chloride, but also concentrations of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and lithium chloride. Because of this fact residue of NH4HCO3 will possibly contain CaCl2, KCl, and LiCl. These contaminants of the brine will provide flaws to the baking soda, and thus production must be checked often by chemists who analyze the baking soda for lifespan, composition, purity, and quality. There are a couple different ways to determine the percent composition of baking soda.
n (3) Solutions of aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react to form water and aqueous sodium chloride. co NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) ∆H1 = ? Chemistry with Vernier py In this experiment, you will use a Styrofoam-cup calorimeter to measure the heat released by three reactions. One of the reactions is the same as the combination of the other two reactions. Therefore, according to Hess’s law, the heat of reaction of the one reaction should be equal to the sum of the heats of reaction for the other two.
Quality Control for Athenium Baking Soda Company Introduction In this experiment, we will be using thermal gravimetric analysis (experiment 4) and HCL titration (experiment 12) to determine the percentage of NaHCO3 (baking soda) in the sample given. We will also be using emission analysis for group IA and IIA salts (experiment 10) to determine the impurities present. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the purity of a sample of baking soda given us by the Athenium Baking Soda Company. We will First determine the percentage of baking soda and then determine whether it contains particulates of CaCl2, LiCl, of KCl for the purpose of seeing whether it is pure and useable or not (the quality of the baking soda). We are performing the experiment to gain our spots on the team of quality control for the Athenium Baking Soda Company.
Because baking soda is a natural compound, using it in these products can replace potentially environmentally harmful products. Out of several methods to produce baking soda, the Athenium Baking Soda Company has chosen the method of reacting brine with ammonium hydrogen carbonate to form baking soda: NH4HCO3(s) + NaCl(aq) => NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) Brine is defined as water containing a higher concentration of sodium chloride than typical seawater, along with the possible impurities potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) (brinechem). After NaHCO3 is dried and filtered, it may contain contaminants (KCl, LiCl, CaCl2) in the residue. To ensure the standards of the products are kept high, many baking soda manufacturing companies employ technicians and scientists to analyze and approve the products. This analysis is commonly referred to as quality control and includes periodic inspections designed to ensure the company’s products are meeting the set standards such as being uncontaminated, not losing quality during the manufacturing process, and not containing chemical structure or composition imperfections.
In the first part of test#2, when AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) is added, the solution turned white, with a thin layer of film developing on the surface. During the second part of test#2, when Na2S2O3 (Sodium thiosulfate) is combined with the first part of test#2, the white precipitation settled onto the bottom of the beaker. And finally for test#3, when adding NaOCI (Bleach) to the solution it
CuSO4 4. What is the molar mass for anhydrous (without water) copper(II) sulfate? 159.62 g/mol Result: Observation: Some gray white substances precipitated from the water in the crucible. Data: * Mass of purified crucible and lid 30.59g * Mass of crucible and lid and hydrate 31.57g * Mass of hydrate alone 31.57g- 30.59g = .98g * Mass of crucible and lid and dehydrate 31.11g * Mass of dehydrate alone .52g This lab shows that hydrates are made up of crystal solids and water,