There are two ways of generating biological rhythms. These are Exogenous Zeitgebers and Endogenous Pacemakers. Endogenous pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers can manipulate the various bodily rhythms, and have particular effects on the sleep / week cycle in the circadian rhythm. Endogenous pacemakers are separate and distinct internal rhythms that affect the bodily rhythms they are also known as internal biological clocks. Examples of this would be core body temperature, sleep-wake cycle.
Endogenous pacemakers are body clocks that are internal to our biological systems, the most important being the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which is sensitive to light and receives information via the optic nerve and send this info to the pineal gland, which controls the production of melatonin. Melatonin is vital to the sleep-wake cycle because the hormone induces sleep by inhibiting the brain mechanisms that promote wakefulness. Circadian rhythms are also controlled by exogenous zeitgebers, which are external factors that give an indication of time e.g. daylight, therefore controlling the biological rhythm to be in time with the world. Research has been conducted into the role of endogenous pacemakers by removing external cues from participants by using temporal isolation methods and allowing the free-running biological clock to run unaffected.
Describe and evaluate the role of the endogenous pacemakers (25 marks) It is argued that biorhythms such as the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, the daily rise and fall in body temperature and the sleep wake cycle are underpinned by some form of ‘body clock’ situated somewhere in the brain. Psychologists have been attempting to agree upon the extent to which this clock should be seen as a free running mechanism or one which is entrained and regulated by factors such as light and dark and others exogenous zeitgebers or time givers such as social routines of others and man-made clocks. It is thought that one of the body’s most important clocks might be situated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny cluster of nerve cells located within the hypothalamus. This SCN is linked to the optic nerve by a thin tuft of nerve fibres which breaks off just above the optic chiasm and this provides a direct link with light levels in the outside world. This is important as it provides circumstantial evidence that the body clock is regulated by the outside world.
Colapinto investigates and reassesses the famous case study through these various sources and establishes some ethical dilemmas now facing the medical world; a direct result of decades of misinformation brought forth by the original “John/Joan” twins case. In the book, “As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised As A Girl”, Ron and Janet Reimer faced the biggest decision of their lives after a routine circumcision for their twin sons went horribly wrong. While Bruce’s brother Brian was left with a fully functioning penis, Bruce was the first twin to undergo the procedure and was left with a charred penis after the machine malfunctioned. After being unsatisfied by the efforts of local and regional doctors, the distraught
Flowers for Algernon Flowers for Algernon is a novel by Daniel Keyes, it was published in 1966. The main character in this book is called Charlie Gordon, an intellectual challenged human, who has an operation to increase his IQ. Should he have had the operation? The next following paragraphs will discuss about the possible answers to this question. The first two paragraphs will discuss why it was a good idea for him to have had the operation, however the last 2 paragraphs will discuss why it was not a good idea for Charlie to have had the operation.
Based on the findings of the first taskforce, the FDA set up another taskforce to review three studies on aspartame which Searle had submitted. The second taskforce published a document which became known as the Bressler Report. This report uncovered questionable practices and deviations during the experiments, including animal pathology sheets which showed errors such as dead rats coming back to life and the inability to decide what dose of aspartame had been given to the rats. Interestingly, the FDA’s Chief Counsel, Richard Merrill, felt there was enough evidence to bring fraud indictments against Searle. (Metcalfe, E., 2000, Sweet Talking, Ecologist, 30(4), 16.
In the short article “Why evolution should be taught in public schools” by Laura H. Kahn, author states that in order to understand true science knowledge children in schools should be taught evolution of plants, animals and humans. In the beginning of her passage she gives example of previous science case that had to go through many struggles before it was accepted and approved. “In the nineteenth century, the prevailing dogma was "spontaneous generation." It did nothing to prepare scientists and physicians to develop effective strategies against the infectious diseases that were killing untold numbers of people. Louis Pasteur, the French chemist who developed the rabies vaccine, was instrumental in disproving spontaneous generation and replacing it with the germ theory of disease.
In 1966 Charles Whitman killed 16 and injured 33 at the University of Texas. Later there were notes found written by Whitman asking for an autopsy because he knew something was wrong with his brain. After analyzing it was revealed that a nickel size abnormality close to the amygdala in his brain, which is the primary emotion center. Decades since it is still not that simple with the technologies of MRI and CT scan. The Prefrontal Cortex communicating with the amygdala puts it in over drive when there is a threat and if there is no threat the prefrontal will calm down, being that if the communication is faulty that message won’t get through.
Resistance to Sex Research Film Reaction Paper #1 Resistance to Sex Research American biologist, professor, and sexologist, Alfred Kinsey pioneered Sex Research in 1947 at Indiana University (Condon, 2004). Alfred contributed greatly to the field of entomology but quickly developed questions to determine if human mating practices showed any similarity to those of gall wasps (Condon, 2004). Despite the influx of knowledge about the human nature of sex many people feared that the information would lead to unnecessary harm and unconventional sex. Dr. Kinsey’s research in his late years became questioned for it notability. This revolution is what leads and probes the following questions; what forms of resistance did Dr. Kinsey’s sex research actually encounter?
Three “Views” of Psychology: 1. client lying on a couch while therapist listens and takes notes 2. researcher in white lab coat running rats through a maze 3. just “common sense” about human behavior II. WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE? • Differs from “common sense” because instead of casual observations, psychologists use rigorous, systematic _______________ producing ______________ knowledge, which is used to develop comprehensive _________________. • Differs from popular images because o it has vast and varied _______________ o knowledge can be ______________ in many