A protein is only complete and functional when the polypeptide chain is folded into a unique 3-D shape, a concept discussed in your textbook. The exception to the monomer/polymer rule is lipids. Lipid base units are not considered monomers. One type of lipid or fat is made up of fatty acids and glycerol molecules in a 3:1 ratio. The bonding of three fatty acids to one glycerol molecule creates a triglyceride.
The two nucleotide strands that make up DNA run in opposite directions, one runs from 3’ to 5’ and the other runs from 5’ to 3’. The 5’ end is where the phosphate is positioned and 3’ is where the deoxyribose sugars are. The organic bases (base pairings) are split up into two groups; pyrimidines and purines. The pyrimidines are made of a single six-sided ring and in terms of DNA the bases that apply to this group are cytosine and thymine. Purines however are made of a six-sided ring joined to a five-sided ring.
Chantal Edouard Cytochrome C Oxidase The cytochrome oxidase of eukaryotes is a very complex protein assembly containing from 8 to 13 polypeptide subunits, two hemes, a and a3, and two atoms of copper. The two hemes are chemically identical but are placed in different protein environments, so that heme a can accept an electron from cytochrome c and heme a3 can react with oxygen. When cytochrome oxidase has accepted four electrons, one from each of four molecules of reduced cytochrome c, both its hemes and both its copper atoms are in reduced form, and it can transfer the electrons in a series of reactions to a molecule of oxygen to yield two molecules of water. Cytochrome oxidase straddles the inner membrane of mitochondria, part of it on the matrix side, part within the membrane, and part on the outer surface or cytochrome c side of the inner membrane. Cytochrome c is the only protein member of the respiratory chain that is freely mobile in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Ionic Bond 13) Name the four main classes of biological molecules and their monomers First main class of biological molecules is carbohydrates, monomers are energy, glucose and structure. Second class is lipids, monomers high energy, storage, cell membrane, butter vegetable oil and cholesterol Third is proteins, monomers structure, enzymatic and amylase and Fourth main biological class of molecules are Nucleic acids, monomers nucleotides, hereditary code ,energy carrier, DNA and ATP 14) Briefly describe the following types of bonds: * Covalent Bond Covalent Bond is the stronger bond in nature. What happens in covalent bond is that the atoms are sharing electrons so each shell has the maximum numbers of electrons that they need. * Ionic Bond Ionic Bond does not share electrons like covalent bond it transfer the electrons to an another atom so it can reach the maximum number of electrons in the shell. * Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond is the attraction between partial charges it holds the biological molecules together.
1) What is the primary structure of a protein? The primary structure is a linear sequence of how amino acids are arranged in a polypeptide chain. These interactions form a covalent backbone. 2) Why isn’t there free rotation around the peptide bond? Because the amino nitrogen associated within the peptide bond has a lone pair, this allows for a resonance structure to take place.
All nucleic acids have two distinctive ends: the 5’ (5-prime) and 3’ (3-prime) ends, which refers to the carbons on the sugar. For both DNA and RNA, the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group. Nucleic acids are synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction. The following diagram represents the general structure of part of a DNA molecule showing its bond type and organisation: Cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration involves a catabolic reaction in which the larger molecules (nucleic acids) are reduced to smaller units (nucleotides) and this occurs in glycolysis. The covalent bonds (high energy bonds) between nucleotides create energy when broken and mostly occur in the cytoplasm.
Sucrose will be also used in the labs. Sucrose is a normal table sugar and is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Although lactose is similar to sucrose, the enzyme lactase will only break down only it’s substrate, lactose, because of the shape of the sugar. Objectives/ Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules that speed up a chemical reaction. Enzymes are specific; they only work with certain substrates.
The monomers of carbohydrate macromolecules are called monosaccharides (simple sugars) with only one unit of sugar. All monosaccharides have the chemical structure (CH2O)n with n equalling 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 depending on the number of carbon atoms the
CHEMISTRY HOMEWORK 1. All of the statements concerning the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones are true except A) the bond is polar, with a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom. B) the bond angles about the central carbon atom are 120°. C) the carbonyl group is planar. D) in condensed form the carbonyl group can be written as -CHO.
The structure below shows the formation on the disaccharide maltose: [IMAGE] There are three main types of disaccharides, these include Maltose (formed from glucose and glucose), Sucrose (glucose and fructose) and Lactose (glucose and galatose). Not all disaccharides are reducing sugars. Maltose is s reducing sugar because only one of the aldehyde groups is