Sperm mixes with seminal fluids to produce semen. Semen is released through the penis and sperm in the seminal fluid has the ability to fertilize an egg. The scrotum protects and holds the testes and epididymis. The epididymis stores sperm. The internal reproductive organs are the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, and the prostate gland.
Sperm and Ova (Spermatozoa and Oocytes) Human Reproductive Cells Humans reproduce sexually, with both parents contributing half of the genetic makeup of their offspring via sex cells or gametes. Gametes produced by the male parent are called spermatozoa (commonly called sperm cells), and female gametes are Oocytes (commonly referred to as ova or eggs). As gametes are formed, the 46 chromosomes from each parent cell (23 pairs of chromosomes) are divided through meiosis so that each gamete is haploid, having only 23 unpaired chromosomes. Spermatozoa, produced by males, contain a 23rd chromosome that is either an X chromosome (female) or the analogous Y chromosome (male), making each sperm cell either female or male. Spermatozoa have a head that contains a nucleus, a mid piece that contains mitochondria, and a tail with its end piece.
11.4.1 Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germline epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells Testis Tissue * The testes are composed of seminiferous tubules which produce sperm * Each tubule is surrounded by a basement membrane which is lined by germline epithelium cells * The germline epithelium will divide by mitosis to make spermatogonia (which divide by meiosis to make spermatozoa) * The developing spermatozoa are nourished by Sertoli cells * Outside of the tubules are blood capillaries and interstitial cells (Leydig cells), which produce the male sex hormone, testosterone 11.4.2 Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the
AP Bio 1982: Brendan Ramos In the life cycle of a fern and a flowering plant, compare and contrast each of the following: A. The gametophyte generation B. Sperm transport and fertilization C. Embryo protection A. Small multicellular male and female gametophytes are produced within the flower of the sporophyte in flowering plants. The gameteophyte of a fern consists of a free-living distinct plant called the prothallus on which structures called archegonia and antheridia produce eggs and sperm respectively.
Combining yeast, water, and 25% molasses in test tube B. Combining yeast, water, and 0% molasses in test tube C. One end of a tube was then placed in a cup of hot water and into test tube A. This step was repeated for test tube B, and C as well. As the test tubes heated up the BOB changed from blue to yellow indicating cellular respiration was occurring. Budding is a process in which a single cell produces offspring by pinching off part of the “parent” cell.
Sepia apama copulation occurs by the male transferring sperm packets, called spermatangia, to a pouch located below the beak of the female that are internal sperm-storing organs called receptacles (M. Naud et. al. 2005). During this process of copulation, the female, which is polyandrous, displays patterns of dark blotches on their pale bodies (M. Naud et. al.
Female Reproductive Hormones In females, at puberty, the Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, where then FSH targets the granulosa cells in the ovaries. These granulosa cells secrete Oestrogen which triggers the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the menarche, the first menstrual cycle. To every menstrual cycle, there are two stages; the Follicular phase and the Luteal phase, which in between there is ovulation. In the Follicular phase, FSH stimulates
Gamete production is the responsibility of the ovaries, whereas protection and nourishment of the growing embryo and fetus before birth are functions of the uterus. The two uterine tubes, one from each ovary, provide pathways for the female gametes (eggs) to get from the ovaries to the uterus. The portion of the reproductive tract called the vagina is between the narrow uterine cervix and the outside of the body. In female humans there is a second opening where the urethra from the urinary bladder connects to the outside of the body. The urethral opening is normally separate from, and in front of, the vagina.
16 Human Reproduction 1 Fertilisation occurs when the …..(A)….. of the sperm cell fuses with the…..(B) ….. of the ….. (C) ….. . 2 State the differences between the male gametes and the female gametes with regard to (a) their size; (b) their structure, (c) their relative numbers. 3 Before fertilisation can occur, the sperms have to travel from the testes to meet an ovum in the female organs. Using the list below, name the organs, in the correct order, through which the sperms will have to pass. uterus, sperm duct, oviduct, urethra, cervix, vagina 4 (a) Explain what is meant by ovulation.
The first two cleavage planes are vertical and divide the egg into four equal blastomeres, designated as macromeres, the third cleavage plane is horizontal but is shifted toward the animal pole so that the upper set of four blastomeres or micromeres is considerably smaller than those below. How many stages of cleavage can you identify? 2-cell stage (3/4 h): The first cleavage furrow, ending the first zygotic cell cycle, is vertically oriented, as is usual until the 32-cell stage. The furrow arises near the animal pole and progresses rapidly towards the vegetal pole, passing through only the blastodisc and not the yolky region of the egg. Near the bottom of the blastodisc the furrow changes to a horizontal orientation to undercut the blastodisc in the fashion described originally by Wilson (1889) for the sea bass, but still leaves the cells only partly cleaved from the underlying yolky region.