State the null hypothesis for the Baird and Sands (2004) study that focuses on the effect of the GI with PMR treatment on patients’ mobility level. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for the difference between the two groups in change in mobility scores over 12 weeks? Provide a rationale for your answer. The null hypothesis is that the woman receiving guided imagery show no greater improvement in their pain scores than the control group after 12 weeks. The study results indicated significant improvement in mobility scores of women who received treatment (F(1, 22)= 9.619, p = 0.005).
The musical masterpiece, Handel’s Messiah, was the brilliant work of George Frederick Handel. The classic was written in merely six weeks. Hundreds of years ago, Handel had never heard of it, but he suffered from bipolar disorder. The list of gifted artist, writers and composers that have and still suffer from manic-depressive illness is long. According to Kay Redfield, professor of psychology at John Hopkins University School of Medicine, the incidence is ten to twenty times greater among creative people than just the normal population (Lewis 26).
We made this inference due to our slope of each of the graphs. Given the mole ratios, the slope of our newer lab, comparing H2 to moles of Mg, should’ve been a slope of 1. But our first point skewed our results giving us an actual slop of 0.7, which was short from a more accurate result. And given our results last week, we concluded that our titration method was more accurate than our crystallization method due to the basically perfect slope of 2.0018 which is very close to the theoretical slope of 2. 5.
Proving that token economy can produce significant improvements in self-care and desirable behavior; even with chronic institutionalized schizophrenics. Ayllon and Azri (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. They found that the amount of socially desirable behavior increased. Patients went from preforming an average of 5 chores a day to around 40. However, token economy has issues, such as that you could argue that you are taking away patient’s basic rights to use as rewards.
Cohen found a positive correlation, as stress levels increased so did the likeliness of illness. However Evans et al (1994) says the effects of stress are not always negative and can even enhance the immune system. Evans looked at the effects of stress by studying the activity if one particular antibody- sIgA. He arranged for students to give talks to other students (mild acute stress). These students showed an increase in sIgA whereas during the examination period, which stretched over several weeks, the levels of sIgA decreased.
A control sample reported a low and unchanging level of stressful life events over the same period. However not all evidence supports the role of life events. For example, Van Os et al reported that patients were not more likely to have a major stressful life event in the 3 months preceding the onset of their illness. In a prospective part of the study, those patients who had experienced a major life event went on to have a lower likelihood of relapse, further-more life events after the onset of schizophrenia may be a consequence rather than a cause of schizophrenia. Bateson et al (1956) suggested that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia e.g.
For example, in a study examining the relationship between adult attachment style and psychological distress, 198 undergraduate university students were asked to complete questionnaires on adult attachment, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem (Mitchell & Doumas, 2004). The authors hoped to establish a link between a secure style of attachment and lower levels of depression and anxiety. Results were conclusive in supporting these hypotheses. Secure attachment style -comprising of 56% of the study- reported significantly lower depressive symptoms (8%) than either of the three insecure styles; fearful (45%), anxious (36%) and avoidant (27%). These conclusions are firmly supported by the findings of numerous comparable studies (Bifulco, et al.
Traditional treatments for depression such as pharmacotherapy can take between one and four weeks before any therapeutic effect is noticed and thirty percent of people do not respond to it at all (Craft, 2005). A single bout of exercise has been found to reduce the severity of depression and anxiety in clinical and non-clinical populations (Haake et al., 2009). Additionally, research indicates that the chronic effects of long-term exercise are equally as effective as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy (Craft & Landers, 1998). Long-term exercise programs are particularly effective in alleviating the severity of depression in both clinical and non-clinical populations. They are also beneficial for anxious individuals and improving long-term well-being (Weinberg & Gould, 2011, p. 401).
With this being the case, antipsychotic medications often have side effects that need to be monitored regularly by the health professionals (Young et al, 2011). Compliance is often a challenge with patients either because of the unmanageable side effects they experience or through limited insight. It is a role of the health professionals involved in the care to closely monitor this behaviour, as the effectiveness of the treatment may be affected (Young et al, 2011). Keller, Drexler &Lichtenberg (2009) discuss the benefits of treating paranoid schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotic medication clozapine and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). However both forms of treatment are linked with harsh side effects.
This leads into some important psychology aspects within this article. The most important one is, as stated earlier, correlation does not equal causation. Also, when the article talks about how high the percentage of underreported incidents of child abuse really is, it could tap into Freud’s