Letter from Birmingham Jail Analysis

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In his Letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. said “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” In other words, anything that happens somewhere in the world can have an effect on all indirectly. King was a civil rights activist in the 1950s and 1960s. He led non-violent protests to fight for the rights of African Americans. One of these protests was in Birmingham. On April 12 in 1963, 53 blacks led by King marched into Birmingham to protest the existing segregation laws. All were arrested. The injustice in Birmingham was a threat to the rest of the United States, therefore it was a necessity for a leader like King to come to Birmingham. While in jail for 8 days, King wrote a letter addressed to white religious leaders. In Letter from Birmingham Jail, King uses rhetorical appeals to attempt to justify the desperate need for immediate nonviolent direct action, to explain his actions to the audience and perhaps change their opinion. The three rhetorical appeals he uses are logos, ethos, and pathos. A big rhetorical appeal used in King’s letter is logos; he gives reasons for his arguments and supports them with evidence, which is an appeal to logic. An example of this appeal to logic is King’s use of concession and refutation. For example, in section 1, King says, “You may well ask, ‘Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches, and so forth? Isn’t negotiation a better path?’ You are right in calling for negotiation” (599). He then refutes this by explaining that direct action and positive tension “create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation” (600). He agrees with the audience, that negotiation is a much better path, however he explains that it does not work for this situation because the issues are being ignored. Therefore, direct action is needed. Another way King uses logos in his letter is
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