Changes in religious, economic, cultural, and political conditions started a need for reform in the Church, which led to the Protestant Reformation with Martin Luther, the Catholic Reformation with the Council of Trent and St. Charles Borromeo, (which “fixed” most of the problems started by the Protestant Reformation,) and lastly, the Vatican Council I with Pope Pius IX. All of these people and groups can be considered leaders of the Catholic Church after the split. All of these
The Baroque Movement in Northern Europe and Italy Artists of Rome and of Northern Europe shock viewers with emotionally-profound works using Baroque art style. The Baroque movement has been interpreted differently between Northern Europe and Italy. The works produced by Northern Europe’ s most prolific artists leave religious approbation open to scientific interrogation and, most importantly, remind us to live in happiness. Meanwhile, artists appointed under the will of the Catholic Church (in Italy) are producing marvelous works-intended to strike emotion and feeling through spiritual cognition. I was fortuitous to have witnessed some of the most prolific art of our time spanning from Northern Europe to Italy.
The Late Renaissance period, from 1500-1600, was a time of artistic rebirth when artists rediscovered classical (pagan) values and thinking. Subject matter prior to the Renaissance was mainly religious and concerned with helping viewers focus on heavenly things. The Renaissance saw the broadening of religion and art compared to the narrow religious perspective of medieval times. This was due to the development of Franciscan naturalism, humanism, scientific enquiry and economic prosperity, forming an ideal climate for artists to explore and express their personal creativity and values. The Renaissance was also a new era in patronage.
The Spanish also supported Christopher Columbus to find a route to Asia. Religion was major factor in reuniting a divided Spain and shape the definition of conquistadors. Conquistadors are male Spaniards that were seeking prestige, material gains and also wanted to convert natives to Christianity. Again religion played a major role in helping set up Spain towards the exploration. The conquistadors under the Encomienda system settled in the New World.
He was also given significant compensation which he could spend on resources (etc) for his new Vatican City, and gained significant religious revival due to Catholic influence in both the primary and secondary education now being secured. However some perceived this alliance as “unholy”, as it might have threatened the Pope’s position, considering Mussolini continued to state that the Church was below the State and that it always would be. The people of Italy also had something to gain. They no longer had to have divided loyalties between the regime and the Papacy. They could support both Catholicism
Martin Luther, the most significant figure in the early development of Protestantism, took hold of the reformation during this period and popularised its beliefs, basing them on his interpretation of the scriptures. Although the responses from the majority of the leaders within the Catholic Church were political attacks aimed at clinging onto power and restricting the reformists’ influence, Luther’s motivation was religious and a product of a devotion to God, after being struck by lightning in 1505. Through this enlightenment, he sought to highlight the widespread abuses imposed by the Catholic Church, which were regularly authorised by the Pope. The resistance to Luther had been rife from the start; however as Luther’s support base grew and his beliefs became a threat to those in power, the counter-attacks increased in significance. Nevertheless, it could be argued that people misjudged Luther’s intentions as he never intended to reshape the power structure of the church just address the abuses.
King Henry VIII undertook a multitude of religious changes and reforms during his reign from 1529 to 1547. In the early 1530’s, Henry took the momentous step of declaring himself Supreme Head of the Church and during and around this period he was producing policy suggestive of England heading in a more Protestant direction; however, following this came a time when many historians agree that the ‘conservative King’ began to re-implement key Catholic doctrines which contrasted completely with the Lutheran or Protestant ideals first recognised. Questions remain about whether the reforms made at the beginning of Henry’s reign held enough significance at the end to secure a Protestant status for England - even when policies were becoming ‘more Catholic’; or conversely whether the policies implemented which re-enforced the Catholic beliefs were significant enough to re-establish England as a practically Catholic country. Perhaps it could argued that England had never really become a Protestant country at all...overall, how Catholic was England at the end of Henry’s reign. A major event towards the beginning of Henry’s reign was the Act for the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries in 1534, with the dissolution and plundering of the large ones following on from this in 1539.
The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire that occurred from the late eighth century to the ninth century. The Carolingian Renaissance reached for models drawn from the example of the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. The renaissance showed an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. But yet the renaissance wasn’t a true revival because it was limited by the clergy while the rest of the Carolingian society followed. With Charlemagne at the helm of the Carolingian Empire, it allowed him to make a lot of decisions regarding religion, which he knew the clergy would approve on.
“Men, Women and Schools of thought love have reformed and/or revitalized the Christian Tradition” This statement remarkably reflects on Martin Luther’s impact on Christianity. Martin Luther generated significant effects on Christianity in his life time and in the present through institutional, theological and liturgical impacts. His influences has resulted in immense change in Christian denomination’s reforming and revitalizing their dynamic beliefs towards Christianity. Martin Luther’s disagreement with the Roman Catholic Church’s teaching of Selling Indulgences caused the different changes within Christianity and hugely impacted the foundation of the Protestant Reformation. He objected to the activities of the Church and attacked doctrines of indulgences and penance and published
In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a large literature presenting a distinctive Renaissance individualism surfaced. With individualism and the impulse interest was enthusiastically refined. The doubts of people started to be replaced with doubted faith. “The spirit of individualism to a certain degree incited the Protestant revolt, which, in theory at least, embodied a thorough application of the principle of individualism in religion” (Kreis, 2000). During the 1400- 1517, the conditions of the church changed.