While the papacy remained in Avignon much outcry was caused especially among the Italians. They became fed up by the election of French popes and vowed to see its return to Rome. “When two popes, and later three popes, vied for supremacy, the medieval church entered a dramatic, forty-year crisis of authority.” (Oakley) The rise of critics of the papacy became evermore prevalent during this period. The most methodical
God has the sole control of death and purgatory, and it is not for the Church profit from. The points twenty through thirty-one describes the lack of financial power that the pope has with God. A person cannot pay the pope for forgiveness to get into heaven or to get out of purgatory. According to Luther the pope is not capable of intercession between man and God. Points thirty-two through forty summarize to say that letters of pardon by the Church do not represent true forgiveness of God.
At the start of king Charles reign things were already looking odd for him because the things he chose to do where completely against parliaments plans. Parliament had to know what the king was doing before he did it but because he never told them what was happening. Parliament and Charles friendship was crumbling gradually. In 1625 Charles married Henrietta Maria, the fifteen year old daughter of Henri IV of France who was a catholic she had her own chapel and priest. Puritans and protestants started to put up posters against the church and the king in 1637 archbishop laud put the people making the posters in trial and those found guilty were severely punished .
Upon his return he had gone to the pope and asked the pope to excommunicate the Archbishop of York. To excommunicate someone was to completely exclude them from participation with the Church. This was an extremely serious request on Thomas Becket’s behalf. When Henry had heard of this request he was livid. He was said to have shouted out to a crowd, “Will no one rid me of this troublesome priest?” Four knights had heard what Henry shouted and took it to mean that he wanted Becket dead.
Byzantine Emperor Alexius the first received assistance from the Pope and formed and army to help push the Seljuk Turks out of the Holy Land. Throughout the series of wars the Muslims were the victor. This shows that the Middle Ages should be known as the Dark Ages. The Black Death also known as the Bubonic Plague was a horrific disease that spread throughout Europe from 1347 to 1350. During that time there was no cure and it was highly contagious.
There was an immediate call for a new crusade. However, surprisingly enough, there was not an overwhelming response. Eugenius first appealed to the young King Louis of France. In December of that same year he addressed a papal bull to the king, proclaiming a new crusade: ...We therefore beseech, admonish and command all of you, and we enjoin it for the remission of sins, that those who are on God's side - especially the more powerful and noble men - that they gird themselves manfully and attack the pagan multitudes.. liberate the Eastern church, and strive to wrest many thousands of our captive brethren from their hands... (Brundage, 1962,
The Pilgrimage developed over four stages. The first was the almost spontaneous rising of the commons, encouraged by the clergy and various local leaders. Then came the period of opportunism, when nobles and discontented gentry saw their opportunity to involve themselves with the chaos and confusion in an attempt to see their grievances addressed. Then came disintegration, the nobles fleeing unwilling to participate in an outright rebellion. Finally, retribution, where Henry, desperate to find a culprit to blame brought a reign of Terror upon the men he believed were involved.
In the late 1500s the French Wars of Religion took place. This was a period of civil wars between French Catholics and French Protestants, known as Huguenots. Many conflicts occurred, but one of the most notable ones was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. This was one of the most horrifying decimations in history. After the Reformation many Calvinists or Huguenots began to arise in large groups in France.
• Jehovah’s witnesses differ from other religious groups by their belief in the leader in the church or religion. Jehovah’s witnesses have no human leader. They have a high value on moral living. Also, they do not take part in gambling, anal sex, oral sex, over drinking, abortions, and wars for they believe it is part of sin. Jehovah’s witnesses believe in the bible like many other religious groups.
It spread quickly and within months was all throughout Europe. Albrecht of Mainz did not respond to the thesis. Pope Leo X had the theologian Sylvester Mazzolini draft a heresy against Luther, and summoned Luther to Rome. Luther was examined at Augsburg where the Imperial diet was held. The theologian Johann Maier had a goal to expose Luther and invited him to speak at a disputation: a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.