This is everything from shyness to aggression and happiness to depression. Classical conditioning Classical conditioning was a theory developed by a Russian psychologist called Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). He was working with dogs to investigate their digestive systems. The dogs were attached to a harness and Pavlov attached monitors to their stomachs and mouths so he could measure the rate of salivation. He noticed that the dog began to salivate when someone entered the room with a bowl of food, but before the dog had eaten the food.
Classical conditioning is made using two stimuli. in the experiment Pavlov used sound of a bell a as a neutral stimuli and dog food as unconditioned stimuli which causes the dog to salivate. Pavlov presented the dogs with a ringing bell followed by food. The food elicited salivation, and after repeated bell-food pairings the bell also caused the dogs to salivate. In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva.
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
Pavlov landed upon this theory by mistake whilst carrying out a different unrelated experiment with dogs. Nevertheless, he used this as an added advantage and modified his experiment with the dogs to prove his newly founded theory. Initially the dogs would salivate (unconditional response) when presented with food (neutral stimulus) and no response were obtained from the animals when presented with food (unconditional stimulus) were sounded on its own. For a period of time thereafter, the bell was sounded at the same time when the food was presented to the dogs. Eventually, the sound of the bell (now a conditioned response) was sufficient to make the dogs salivate (now conditioned response) in the absent of food.
This theory had the concept of: •How the surrounding environment affected one’s behaviour through their response •Behaviourism is on learning. The cooperation between stimulus and response is how learning takes place •There is no fundamental difference between behaviour of humans and animals and that each of them learn through the stimulus-response method. Classical conditioning however is a principle where a stimulus which naturally does not incite a reaction or response in a person, is joined by another stimulus which does incite a reaction. They made an experiment linked to this on dogs. Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing.
Then in 1921, John Watson had expanded Pavlov’s research and began to study humans, his first testing was the little Albert experiment. Watson’s purpose of the Little Albert experiment was to see if he could condition the infant to fear an animal. Classical conditioning is considered to be an automatic or reflexive form of learning. Classical Conditioning can be defined as a learning technique that takes place when two stimuli are continuously placed together causing a response which originally bought about the following stimulus is ultimately drawn out due to the initial stimulus (Olson, Hergenhahn, 2013). There are four elements that are associated with classical conditioning.
Erin Goldsmith Unit 8 - Psychological Perspectives Task 1 P1, M1 20050665 Sam Adams The Behaviourist Perspective The behaviourist approach is based on the concept of explaining behavior through observations, and the belief that the environment around us is what causes us to behave in different ways. The behaviourist perspective was a dominant approach in psychology for the first half of the 20th century. The main assumption of the behaviourist perspective is that all behaviour is learnt and is shaped by the environment. The behaviourist approach tries to understand human behaviour in terms of what has been learnt. Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus.
This paper delves into the theory and examines its origin , and its applications .Introduction :Learned helplessness is a psychological , behavioral and cognitive deficit theory that seeks to explain a condition in which humans or animals have preconditioned their minds to believe that they are helpless in specific instances and situations . The theory was first advanced by Martin P . Seligman . In his endeavor to discover the relationship between fear and learning , Seligman and his colleagues stumbled on this phenomenon during one of their experiments with animals . This theory has since been used to explain behavior especially in relation to depression , addiction , low esteem as well as abusive relationships .Origin In some of their experiments with dogs Martin E .P .
The experiment showed that once the dogs became accustomed to hearing a particular noise at mealtime, they began to salivate automatically whenever they heard it. The dogs would salivate when they heard the noise whether they were given food or not. This experiment showed that behaviors are reactions to stimuli. This theory also relies on the belief that positive and negative reinforcement can be used to train people and animals to behave a certain way. Behaviorists seek to discover how environmental stimuli control behavior.
P1: Explain the principle psychological perspectives Behaviourist: All about the behaviour being learnt * Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): This theory was introduced by Ivan Pavlov a Russian Psychologist in 1920. The experiment in which Pavlov designed was called Pavlov’s Dog. During this animal study, Ivan researched the digestive system of dogs. He discovered that the dog would salivate before the delivery of food. He tried presenting a number of different objects in front of the dog and eventually discovered that it would salivate when every object was presented and named this response as a conditional reflex.