In 1923, Alexander Glenny perfected a method to inactivate tetanus toxin with formaldehyde. The same method was used to develop a vaccine against diphtheria in 1926. Pertussis vaccine development took considerably longer, with a whole cell vaccine first licensed for use in the US in 1948. Viral tissue culture methods developed from 1950-1985, and led to the advent of the Salk (inactivated) polio vaccine and the Sabin (live attenuated oral) polio vaccine. Mass polio immunisation has now eradicated the disease from many regions around the world.
he observed that a plate culture that contained staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue green mold and that colonies of bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved.curiously Alexander grew the mold in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease causing bacteria. he then named the substance penicillin. Dr.Howard Florey was a future Nobel Laureate and three colleagues at oxford university began intensive research and were able to demonstrate penicillin's ability to kill infectious bacteria.as the war with Germany began to drain industrial and government resources.by November 26,1941 the yields of penicillin was increased 10 times penicillin production was quickly scaled up and available in quantity to treat allied soldiers wounded on D-day as production was increased, the price dropped from nearly priceless in 1940, to 20 dollars per dose in July 1943, to 55 cents per dose by 1946. as a result of their work, two members of the British group were awarded the Nobel prize. Dr.Andrew j. Moyer from the Peoria lab was inducted into the inventors hall of fame and both the British and Peoria laboratories were designated as international historic chemical landmarks. They believed there was medical potential in penicillin.
Patients who are very ill usually require intravenous (IV) antibiotics and admission to a hospital; they usually have a kidney infection (pyelonephritis) that may be spreading to the bloodstream. Other people may have a milder infection (cystitis) and may get well quickly with oral antibiotics. E. coli Enteritis E. coli enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine, caused by infection with certain strains of E. coli bacteria. The diarrheal diseases caused by E. coli range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the specific type of E. coli bacteria involved. It is the most common cause of
Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) Alonzo Jones Pima Medical Institute Author Note: This assignment was prepared for my Infectious Disease Class on 9/12/2012. Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) C-Diff is a gram-positive bacterium that causes severe diarrhea and in some cases, inflammation of the colon. The disease is usually localized to the Digestive System. According to the (CDC, 2010) strains of C-Diff were reported to be resistant to antibiotics such as Fluoroquinolones in several hospitals across country. Eighty percent of C-diff cases are found in healthcare settings (CDC, 2010).
Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an American inventor. His most notable inventions included a type of protective respiratory hood (or gas mask), a traffic signal, and a hair-straightening preparation. He is renowned for a heroic rescue in 1917 at Lake Erie in which he used his hood to save workers trapped in a tunnel system filled with fumes, after other rescue attempts had failed. He is credited as the first African American in Cleveland, Ohio, to own an automobile. Born in Paris, Kentucky to Sydney, a former slave and son of Confederate Col. John H. Morgan and Eliza Reed, also a former slave, Morgan moved at the age of fourteen to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of employment.
This would affect everyone who lived in that particular town. Also in the nineteenth century John Snow was interested in how cholera was spreading through drinking water. When he made this observation he discovered that people who had drunk water provided by the same water company were more likely to catch the disease than other people who drank water from a different company. He then plotted all of known cases of cholera onto a map and discovered that most of the people who fell ill were getting water from the same pump. This was because the water in the pump was contaminated from sewage from the river Thames.
How far did public health improve in the years 1845-1945? Public health improved a great deal between the mid-19th and mid-20th century. This was due to three main factors: John Snow who worked to understand cholera, the Second World War which resulted in the NHS and the British government passing new laws like the 1866 Sanitary Act that literally cleaned up Britain. John Snow is known for ridding Britain of cholera, a deadly disease giving sufferers diarrhoea and making them vomit. At the time, it was deadly – the constant loss of fluids caused such severe dehydration that the patients often fell into comas and died.
• Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax, as its name suggests, occurs when the bacteria is ingested. If an animal is infected with anthrax and is then slaughtered for its meat, and the infected meat is not cooked properly, the meat will leave the consumer with chronic stomach pains, bloody diarrhea or vomiting, loss of appetite and/or nausea. GI anthrax is significantly more serious than cutaneous anthrax and has a higher mortality rate of 25-60% (BHC, 2012). • Pulmonary anthrax is the least common, yet most deadly form of anthrax; this form of anthrax can be used as a weapon in bioterrorism. Bacteria spores are inhaled by victims, causing influenza like symptoms and eventually death to 70-80% of victims in spite of treatment (BHC, 2012).
It’s common in adults, adolescents, and even infants; but can be potentially fatal for infants (March). Leukocytosis, particularly WBC counts of more than 100,000, has been associated with fatalities from Pertussis. According to Arthur Allen, “Toxins released by the bacteria cripple white blood cells and cilia, the tiny hairs in the upper respiratory passages, and the cilia, through genetic programming, actually promote the growth and production of toxins by the bacteria (267). Whooping cough is the second most deadly respiratory tract pathogen. It ranges from being moderately to highly durable in the external environment (Edward, 75).
During the 1854 cholera breakout in London, many factors contributed to the resistance to innovation regarding the causation of this disease. Class prejudices, folklore, and the general acceptance of the miasmas theory created a resistance so strong that thousands of Londoners died before the Board of Public Health finally accepted the possibility that cholera was being spread through drinking water. John Snow, a highly acclaimed anesthesiologist of the time, developed a theory that suggested a possible reason for the sudden wave of illness throughout the streets of London. After countless days walking the disease-stricken streets of south London, many hours spent pondering the day’s research, and personal intuition that told him that problems with the digestive system